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Ser or estar with adjectives

ser + adjective says what someone or something is like; estar + adjective says how they are now or what state they are in.

Level A1es tímido · está nervioso · está listo

Ser: what it is like

English has one verb “to be”; Spanish has two, and with an adjective the choice depends on the meaning.

Use ser for what someone or something is like: character, looks, nationality, what a thing is like in general.

  • Mi hermano es tímido. (My brother is shy.)
  • Laura es alta y muy amable.
  • Somos colombianos.
  • La casa es grande y bonita.

Estar: how it is now

Use estar with an adjective for a state: how someone feels or is right now, or the state a thing is in.

  • Hoy estoy nerviosa. (I’m nervous today.)
  • Mis padres están preocupados. (My parents are worried.)
  • La tienda está cerrada. (The shop is closed.)
  • El vaso está vacío. (The glass is empty.)

Character or state

ser: what it is likeestar: its state
Pedro es amable.Pedro está cansado.
Ana es inteligente.Ana está contenta.
Mis hermanos son altos.Mis hermanos están enfermos.
Ustedes son muy educados.Ustedes están ocupados.
El hotel es grande.El hotel está lleno.
La tienda es pequeña.La tienda está abierta.

Character or right now?

Many adjectives of feeling and character go with both verbs, and the verb changes the meaning:

  • Luis es nervioso. — he is a nervous person.
  • Luis está nervioso. — he is nervous right now, before an exam, for example.
  • Mi abuela es tranquila. (My grandmother is a calm person.) / Hoy estoy tranquila. (Today I’m calm.)

feliz works the same way: Soy feliz (I’m a happy person, happy with my life), Estoy feliz (I’m happy today). contento (glad, pleased) goes only with estar.

Same adjective, different meaning

Adjectivewith serwith estar
aburridoboringbored
listocleverready
buenogoodtasty (food)
malobadgone bad, tasting bad (food)
ricorichtasty (food)

¿Cómo es? or ¿Cómo está?

The two questions ask different things:

  • ¿Cómo es tu hermana? — what is she like? Es alta, simpática y un poco tímida.
  • ¿Cómo está tu hermana? — how is she (now)? Está bien. / Está cansada.

bien and mal (well, badly) are not adjectives: they go only with estar: Estoy bien.

Examples

  • Mi hermano es muy hablador, pero hoy está callado.My brother is very talkative, but today he is quiet.
  • El libro es aburrido y los niños están aburridos.The book is boring, and the children are bored.
  • Tu hija es muy lista.Your daughter is very clever.
  • La cena está lista.Dinner is ready.
  • La puerta está abierta y las ventanas están cerradas.The door is open and the windows are closed.
  • Mis padres están casados y son muy felices.My parents are married and very happy.
  • ¿Estás enamorado de Lucía?Are you in love with Lucía? (to a man)

Common mistakes

  • Wrong: Soy nervioso hoy.Right: ✓ Estoy nervioso hoy.hoy points to a state right now: estar.
  • Wrong: La tienda es cerrada.Right: ✓ La tienda está cerrada.Open, closed, full and empty are states: estar.
  • Wrong: Ellas están colombianas.Right: ✓ Ellas son colombianas.Nationality is what someone is: ser.
  • Wrong: Soy bien, gracias.Right: ✓ Estoy bien, gracias.bien is not an adjective; it goes with estar.
  • Wrong: No hay nada aquí y soy aburrida.Right: ✓ No hay nada aquí y estoy aburrida.ser aburrido means “to be boring”; for “bored” say estar aburrido.

Try it

Three questions on this rule. Small slips are forgiven, as in the app.

Question 1 of 3
Choose the correct verb form (ser or estar).Mi hermano   muy educado.

Related rules

The verb serEstar and hayPlural and adjective agreementQuestions and negation

Where you learn it

About me Spanish A1–A2

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