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Estar + participle: está roto

Estar + participle describes the state an action has left: la puerta está cerrada; the participle agrees like an adjective.

Level A2la puerta está cerrada · los platos están lavados · está roto

The state after an action

An action leaves a result. To describe that result, Spanish uses estar + the participle:

  • Ana cerró la puerta. (Ana closed the door: the action.) → La puerta está cerrada. (The door is closed: the state now.)
  • La ventana está rota. (The window is broken.)
  • La cena está hecha. (Dinner is ready.)

It agrees like an adjective

After estar, the participle works like an adjective: it agrees with the noun in gender and number, -o, -a, -os, -as:

  • El armario está abierto. (The wardrobe is open.) — La ventana está abierta. (The window is open.)
  • Los platos están lavados. (The dishes are washed.) — Las luces están apagadas. (The lights are off.)

Four endings

NounestarParticiple
el armarioestáabierto
la puertaestácerrada
los platosestánlavados
las lucesestánapagadas

Regular participles

InfinitiveMasculineFeminine
cerrarcerradocerrada
lavarlavadolavada
apagarapagadoapagada
encenderSpainencendidoencendida
prenderLatin Americaprendidoprendida
dormirdormidodormida

Irregular participles

InfinitiveMasculineFeminine
abrirabiertoabierta
romperrotorota
hacerhechohecha
ponerpuestopuesta
escribirescritoescrita
morirmuertomuerta

Haber or estar?

Both go with the participle, but they say different things:

  • haber + participle = what someone has done; the participle never changes: Ana ha cerrado las ventanas. (Ana has closed the windows.)
  • estar + participle = how something is now; the participle agrees: Las ventanas están cerradas. (The windows are closed.)

Estar, not ser

A state after an action takes estar: La tienda está abierta. (The shop is open.), never es abierta.

Some adjectives you already know work the same way: cansado, preocupado, ocupado. Estoy cansada. (I'm tired.) El baño está ocupado. (The toilet is occupied.)

Examples

  • La puerta está cerrada. ¿Tienes la llave?The door is closed. Do you have the key?
  • Las ventanas están abiertas y hace frío.The windows are open and it's cold.
  • La lavadora está rota otra vez.The washing machine is broken again.
  • Los platos ya están lavados.The dishes are already washed.
  • La mesa está puesta: ¡a comer!The table is laid: let's eat!
  • El baño está ocupado.The toilet is occupied.
  • Las luces de la cocina están encendidas.SpainThe kitchen lights are on.
  • Las luces de la cocina están prendidas.Latin AmericaThe kitchen lights are on.
  • La carta ya está escrita.The letter is already written.

Common mistakes

  • Wrong: La puerta está cerrado.Right: ✓ La puerta está cerrada.Puerta is feminine, so the participle ends in -a.
  • Wrong: Las ventanas están abierta.Right: ✓ Las ventanas están abiertas.With a plural noun, the participle is plural too.
  • Wrong: La silla está rompida.Right: ✓ La silla está rota.Romper has an irregular participle: roto.
  • Wrong: La tienda es abierta.Right: ✓ La tienda está abierta.A state after an action takes estar.
  • Wrong: Ana ha cerrada la puerta.Right: ✓ Ana ha cerrado la puerta.After haber, the participle never changes.

Try it

Three questions on this rule. Small slips are forgiven, as in the app.

Question 1 of 3
La puerta está  .The door is closed.(cerrar)

Related rules

Ser or estar with adjectivesPresent perfectPlural and adjective agreementPreterite: regular verbs

Where you learn it

Housing: renting and repairs Spanish A1–A2

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